Department of Physiology

     

 

The dept. contain the following sections:

a- clinical physiology lab.(Pulmonary function test –Audiometer- Triad mile exercise)

b- teaching lab.

d- research lab (Immunity and phagocytes studies-Other interesting research )

 

 

The dept. interested in :

a- teaching the 2.nd year students  physiology and clinical physiology

b- teaching the 1.st year students  medical physics

c- teaching the 1.st year students   computer science

 

the dept. established in the year 1977 with 3 lecturer

 

Heads of dept. of physiology

 

 

No	Name	From_-to
1	Prof. Dr. Jawdry (India)	1967-1973
2	Dr Zain alabideen Mohamed Hussein	1973-1974
3	Dr. Shahinshah Hussein zaidi	1974-1975
4	Dr. Wathib Al-Amood	1975-1979
5	Dr. Ffaik Hussein Mohamed	1979-1989
6	Dr. Abdulreza Abdulhameed	1989-1991
7	Prof .Dr Nabeel abduljaleel	1991-1992
8	Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hussein al-hakeem	1993-1994
9	Prof. Dr. Ali  Hussein Al-Hashimi	1995- 2009
10	Dr. Abdulrazak N.Kudair	2010-2010
11	Issam M. AL-Najjar	2010-

 

 

 

lecturer in the department:

 

year	No.	year	No.
1990		2000	6
1991		2001	6
1992		2002	7
1993		2003	7
1994		2004	8
1995	3	2005	10
1996	3	2006	12
1997	4	2007	10
1998	5	2008	10
1999	5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The mission of the Department:

 

1.  Physiology is the study of how the body works in health and disease at all levels including molecular, genomic,  cellular, organ and whole organism.

2.  Our Department plays a central role within the Faculty of Medicine and collaborates in many of its programs.

3.  Our Department is dedicated to understanding fundamental physiological processes and translating these to clinical care.

4.The objectives of Physiology remain the same as 100 years ago. What has changed drastically over the years is the remarkable elaboration and increase in the sophistication of the experimental tools available for the study of Physiology.

5. Our traditional methods of measuring function, such as measurements of blood pressure, respiration rate, urine production, hormone levels, electroencephalogram etc. are needs to be supplemented with molecular biological techniques, advanced genetic manipulations, and sophisticated computational and electronic measurements.

6. In fact, the Department of Physiology is poised to exploit the vast information arising from the scientific revolutions of genetics and proteomics (identification of the proteins transcribed by human genes) in order to better understand both human health and disease.

 

Department objectives:

 

1.     Learning:

 

(a)    The students of the second stage, the basic physiology of the human being both in health and in diseased states and the lectures are contains the latest developments in physiology and these lectures were  supported by experimental laboratories.

(b)   The students of the first stage, the medical physics (including the late advances in radiotherapy and other important subjects) through both lectures and experimental laboratories.

(c)  The students of the first stage the, the computer sciences (basic principles and other programs).

 

2.   Scientific researches:

 

(a) The lecturers in the departments have planned researches in different subjects in order to improve the health state in the community and scientific researches and to enhance the research  capability of the lecturers .

(b)  The future target of our department is to establish postgraduate studies in clinical physiology in sharing with other department, this will be achieved after we develop a suitable staff and prepare for physiological staff and we have full plane to achieve that.

(c) Our department  started to learning the physiology for postgraduate  of other collage and supervision of postgraduate  from other collages

 

3.  Community services:

 

(a) In addition to scientific researches, our department participate in the diagnosis of certain respiratory diseases through the establishing the clinical physiology unit and it was start to performs pulmonary function test for those patients referred from physicians and industrial factories.

(b)  Participate to introduce the services in the center of infertility in our collage.

Learning objectives:

Below is the details curriculum for the physiology, medical physics and computer sciences, and the department is very adherence to make all the scientific information reach to the students. 

 

 

 

conference attended 2007-2008

  Bone density conference

 Aim of the conference: to study the causes and management of osteoporosis

 

 

participation in international meetings 2007-2008

 

Staff name	conference	place	year
Mustafa A. almajeed	Bone density	College of medicine /Basrah	2007

 

 

 

SYLLABUS OF PHYSIOLOGY FOR THE SECOND YEAR

  Total :150 hours                                                              

                                                                  Weekly hours

  Objective :To introduce the student to some of the  basic principles of the functions of the body system  

     

1.introduction to physiology                                      

       Subject and significance

          Methods of physiological research                           1 hours 

         Physiology and other  sciences                                           .

 

2.Fundamentals of general physiology                             5 hours 

·       Cellular organization.

·       Homeostasis .

·       Body fluids , volume and distribution .

·       Body water functions.

·       Body fluid composition .

·       Body fluid dynamics.

·       Edema.

 

3.Blood physiology                                                       12 hours

·       Composition and function.                     

·       The red blood cell .

·       Hemoglobin and hemoglobin variants.

·       Iron metabolism , anemia .

·       Destruction of the red blood cell .

·       The white blood cell .

Morphology and classification

Specific functions of the different variants .

·       The immune system , allergy

·       The platelets

·       Homeostasis and blood coagulation

·       Blood group and blood transfusion

·       The plasma composition and function , the fibrionlytic activity of the plasma.

 

4.Physiology of the muscle

·             Introduction types of muscles

·             Skeletal muscles , structure, motor units .

·             Excitability

·             Mechanical response of the muscle

·             Simple muscle twitch

·             Type of contraction , muscle fatigue

·             Summation of muscles contraction

Effect of two muscle stimuli

Effect of repeated stimulation

Clonus and tetanus

·        All or none law , muscle tone

·       The sliding filaments theory

·       Thermal and chemical changes during muscle contraction

 

5. Physiology of the nervous system                          28 hours

       

Physiology of the nerve fibers

·       Properties of nerve fibers

·       Transmission along nerve fibers

·       Types of nerve fibers and compound action potential

·       Ionic theory of the membrane potential

·       Structure and type of nerve trunk, effect of cutting a motor nerve .

 

Synaptic and neuromuscular transmission

·       Synaptic transmission

·       EPSP and IPSP, ionic basis

·       Convergence and divergence, spatial and temporal

·       Neuromuscular transmission and blocking substances

 

The autonomic nervous system

·       Introduction and definition ,the autonomic reflex action and its comparison to the somatic reflex.

·       Functional anatomy: sympathetic and parasympathetic system.

·       The concept of membrane receptor

·       Chemical transmission in the autonomic nervous system.

·       Function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

·       Higher control of autonomic function spinal, medullary, hypothalamic, limbic and cortical.

 

Body temperature regulation

·       Normal temperature and set-point.

·       Heat production, shivering and non –shivering thermogenesis

·       Heat loss,hypothalamic regulation of body  temperature  

·       Fever and hypothermia

 

6.Respiratory physiology                                        15 hours

·       Functional anatomy

·       Lung volumes and capacities

·       Mechanics of breatlhing muscles of respiration

·       Pressure changes during  respiration

·       Expansion of the lungs. Compliance

·       Airway resistance

·       Pulmonary circulation

·       Pressure  and resistance of pulmonary blood vessels

·       Alveolar ventilation

·       Distribution of ventilation and perfusion

·       Exchange of gases and diffusion capacity

·       Transport of oxygen by the blood

·       Transport of carbon dioxide by the blood

·       Control of ventilation

·       Hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypocapnia

·       Oxygen therapy

·       Effect of exercise

·       Artificial respirator

·       Non respiratory function of the lungs

·       Pulmonary function tests, total and regional

·       Patterns of breathing, normal and abnormal

                                                                                         

 

7-THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM                24 hours           

 Introduction to cardiovascular physiology.

Anatomical review, autonomic supply.

Blood supply

Specialized tissue

 

THE MYOCARDIUM                                                   

 

      Ultrastructure with comparison to skeletal muscle.

Inoic role and bases of muscle contraction, excitation, and contraction coupling

    The mechanical properties of the cardiac muscleStarling low of the heart(length-tension ) relationship, types of muscle contraction.

    The electrical activity of the heart. Action potential,first response and slow response.

    The refractory periods.

            Pacemaker cells and pacemaker action potential.

 

THE ELECTRPCARDIOGRAPHY

·       General background,electrical axis P,QRS,and Twaves and their clinical significance

·       Cardiac arrythmias(blocks, Stock- Adam syndrome)

·       Cellular bases of cardiac arrythmias

 

     CARDIAC OUTPUT

·       The cardiac function curve

·       The vascular function curve

·       Methods of measuring cardiac output

·       Factors regulating cardiac output

 

THE CARDIAC CYCLE AND HEART SOUNDS

Mechanism of sounds

Abnormal sounds

 

PROPERTIES OF VASCULAR SYSTEM

·       Circulation, blood volume, and hematocrit.

·       Poiseulle^,s law, Ohm^,s law, Laplace law

·       Peripheral resistance, conductance, capacitance.

·       Compliance, laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds numbers.

·       Local regulation of blood flow, autoregulation control(intrinsic control) and neural control(extrinsic control).

·       Regulations of blood pressure: short and long term control.

·       The pulse pressure, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, measurement of blood pressure and the Koratkov sounds.

 

 

THE VEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

·       General venous pressure and its regulation.

·       Venous pump, reference point, the filling pressure.

 

HYPOTENSION AND SHOCK

·       Transient hypotension, prolonged hypotension and its pathophysiological charges.

HYPOTENSION

Volume loading mechanism

Vasoconstrictor mechanism

Secondary hypotension, primary hypotension(essential)

Heart failure

CARDIAC HYPOTROPHY

Centric , eccentric, pathophysiology of heart failure.

Ischaemic heart disease

Exercise Physiology

8.HIGH ALTITUDE  PHYSIOLOGY. +Sea DIVING PHYSIOLOGY

·       Effects of low oxygen pressure on the body

·       Effects of acceleratory forces on the body

·       Centrifugal acceleratory forces .

·       Effects of linear acceleratory forces on the body

·       Problems of temperature in aviation and space physiology

·        Radiation at the high altitudes and space weightlessness in space.

9. ENOOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY    22 hours         

    

 Introduction

·       The pituitary, hypothalamic hormone ,adenohypophesis, neurohypophesis, clinical correlates.

·       The thyroid, the metabolic rate, iodine metabolism, clinical correlates.

·       The parathyroid. Calcium metabolism and bone physiology,clinical correlates.

·       The adrenal glands.the cortex, the medulla

·       The gonads . The testes, the ovary

·       Reproduction. Pregnancy and lactation

·       Othe organs with endocrine functions.

·       Pancreas

 

10. DIGESTION                                                      12 hours

·       Introduction to the gastrointestinal tract . G I hormones

·       Salivary secretion, gastric secretion, pancreatic secretion

·       Secretion of bile, secretion of the small intestine

·       Secretion of large intestine

·       Basic principles of  gastrointestinal absorption

·       Absorption in the small intestine

·       Regulation of gastrointestinal function

·       Gastrointestinal motility

 

11. RENAL PHYSIOLOGY                                        8hours

·       Functional anatomy of the kidney

·       Autoregulation of renal blood flow

·       Mechanism of glomerular filteration

·       Mechanism of glomerular filteration rate

·       Reabsorption and secretion in the tubules

·       Water and sodium homeostasis

·       Effects of excessive intake

·       Effects of water loss

·       Regulation of tubular reabsorption of sodium

·       Regulation of potassium balance

·       Diuretics

 

12.ACID –BASE BALANCES                                    4hours

           The hydrogen ion and PH

·       Fundamental chemistry of acids and bases. Concept of PH and H⁺.H⁺ of body fluids, the Henderson – Hasselbach equation .

·       Generation and elimination of H⁺. Carbonic acids

·       Body buffer systems, distributor of body buffer systems

·       Respiratory regulation of acid – base balance

·       Renal regulator of acid – base balance

·       Acid – base abnormalities

 

13.THE NERVOUS SYSTEM   II

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

·       Physiology of the spinal cord reflexes

·       The cerebellum and  its role in motor control and movement

·       Physiology of the hypothalamus and limbic system

·       The brain stem and reticular formation

·       Wakefulness and sleep

·       Cerebral control function, motor function and sensory functions

·       Conditioned reflexes

·       EEC

·       Speech

·       Memory

 

Sensation

·       Introduction and definition, the stimulus and the adequate stimulus, sensory receptors

·       Classificatioin of sensory receptors, electrical and ionic events in receptor

·       The sensory unit, the receptive field and cortical representation

·       Coding of sensory information, the sensory pathways

·       Role of proprioceptors in reflex and voluntary muscular contraction.

·       The stretch (tendon)reflex .

·       The Golgi tendon organ and the inverse stretch

·       Gamma efferent activity and muscle tone effect          (lengthening reaction) 

·       Superficial, deep and visceral sensation

·       Touch and pressure and sense vibration

·       Cold and warmth sensation, pain sensation .

·       Referred pain

 

Special Senses

a. Hearing and equilibrium

·       Functional anatomy of the ear

·       Properties of the hearing system

·       Theories of hearing

·       Vestibular function

b. Vision

·       Functional anatomy of the eye

·       Errors of refraction ; myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism

·       Physiology of the retina, visual fields and visual pathway

·       Visual accommodation and visual reflexes, visual acuity

·       Colour vision, cerebral cortical visual function

   c. Smell and taste

·       Smell receptors  and pathways   

·       Physiology of olfaction

·       Taste receptor organs and pathways

·       Physiology of taste

 

   

THE PRACTICABLE                                              90 hours

1.   Blood Physiology

·       Enumeration of  RBC

·       Enumeration of  WBC

·       Differential  WBC count –blood film

·       Haemoglobin estimation

·       Determination of blood groups

·       Determination of packed cell volume

·       Determination of erythrocytes sedimentation rate

·       Absolute blood value

2.   Cardiovascular system

·       Measurement of arterial blood pressure

·       Effect of physical exercise on patient  blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate

·       Electrocardiography

·       Measurement of   B flow plethysmography

·       Effects of isolated mammalian heart

3.   Respiratory system

·       Measurement of lung  volumes spirometry

·       Vitalography

·       Recording  of respiratory movements

 Stethograph

4- Measurement of   metabolic rate

5-Effect of drug on isolated rabbit intestine

6-Nerve- muscle physiology

-Recording of simple muscle twitch , frog scietic nerve gastro_ cnemius muscle preparation

-Effects of temperature on simple muscle twitch  

-Effects of repeated stimuli on muscle concentration

-Effects of fatigue on contraction

        7-special sense ; vision and hearing

 

 

Syllabus of Medical Physics   

             

. Terminology, Modeling ,and  Measurement          1 hours

              1.  Terminology             

              2.   Modeling

              3. Measurement                                                                                           

.Forces on and in the Body                                       

              1 . Static    

              2.  Frictional Forces

              3 . Dynamics

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.Physics  of the Skeleton                                             1 hours

              1. What is Bone Made of ?

              2. How Strong Are Your Bones?

              3. Lubrication of Bone Joints

              4. Measurement of Bone Mineral in the body

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   .Heat and Cold in Medicine                                   1 hours

                  1.   Physical  Basis of Heat and Temperature

            2.   Thermometry and Temperature Scales

            3.   Thermography-Mapping the Body's Temperature

            4.    Heat Therapy

            5.    Use of Cold in Medicine

            6.    Cryosurgery

            7.    Safety With Cryogenics

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   .Energy ,Work, and Power of the Body                 1 hours

          1.    Conservation of Energy in the Body

            2.    Energy Changes in the Body

          3.    Work and Power

          4.     Heat Losses From the Body

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   .Pressure                                                               2 hours

 

            1.    Measurement of Pressure in the Body

            2.    Pressure Inside the Skull

            3.    Eye Pressure

            4.    Pressure in the Digestive System

            5.    Pressure in the Skeleton

            6.    Pressure in the Urinary Bladder

            7.    Pressure effects While Diving

            8.    Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HOT)

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  .The  Physics of the Lungs and Breathing             4hours

            1.    The Air ways 

            2.    How the Blood and Lungs Interact

            3.    Measurement of Lung Volumes      

            4.    Pressure-Airflow-Volume Relationships of the Lungs     

            5.    Physics of the Alveoli

            6.    The Breathing Mechanism

            7.    Airway Resistance

            8.    Work of Breathing

            9.     Physics of Some Common Lung Diseases

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 .Physics of  the Cardiovascular System                5hours

            1.Major Components of the Cardiovascular  System             

            2. O2  and CO2   Exchange in the Capillary  System

            3. Work Done by the Heart

            4. Blood Pressure and Its Measurement

            5.Pressure Across the Blood Vessel Wall (Transmutable Pressure)             6.Bernoulli's Principle Applied to the Cardiovascular System             

            7. How Fast Does Your Blood Flow?                         

            8.Blood Flow-Laminar and Turbulent                     

            9.Heart Sounds                                                        

            10.The Physics of Some Cardiovascular Disease      

            11.Some Other Functions of Blood                          

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.Electricity Within the Body                                 5 hours

         1.The Nervous System and the Neuron

         2.Electrical  Potentials of Nerves

         3.Electrical  Signals From Muscles- The Electromyogram   

        4. Electrical  Signals From the Heart- The Electrocardiogram                   

        5.Electrical  Signals From the Brain –The  Electroencephalogram      

        6.   Electrical  Signals From  the Eye  - The  Electroretinogram and the    Electrooculogram

        7.   Magnetic Signals From the Heart and Brain-  The Magnetocardiogram   and the  Magnetoencephalogram                                       

        8.   Current Research Involving Electricity in the Body

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.Cardiovascular Instrumentation                       4 hours

     1.   Biopotentials of the Heart

     2.   Electrodes

     3.   Amplifiers

     4.   Patient Monitoring

     5.   Defibrillators

     6.   Pacemakers

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Application of Electricity and Magnetism in the Medicine.

    hours  3

 

    1.   Electrical Shock

    2.   High-Frequency Electricity in Medicine

    3.   Low-Frequency Electricity and Magnetism in Medicine

    4.   Current Research Involving Electricity Applied to the Body

 

-----------------------------------------------------------------------          

.Sound in Medicine                                               4 hours

     1.  General Properties of Sound

     2.   The Body as a Drum (Percussion in Medicine)

     3.   The Stethoscope

     4.   Ultrasound Pictures of the Body

     5.   Ultrasound to Measure Motion 

     6.   Physiological Effects of Ultrasound in Therapy

     7.   The Production of Speech (Phonation)

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.Physics of the Ear and Hearing                             3 hours

    1.   The Outer Ear

    2.   The Middle Ear

    3.   The Inner Ear

    4.   Sensitivity of the Ear

    5.   Testing Your Hearing

    6.   Deafness and Hearing Aids

 

 

     .Light in Medicine                                          4 hours

 

 

   1.    Measurement of Light and Its Units

   2.    Applications of Visible Light in Medicine

   3.    Applications of Ultraviolet and Infrared Light in Medicine

   4.    Lasers in Medicine

   5.    Applications of Microscopes in Medicine

 

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.Physics of Eyes and Vision                                        5 hours

    1.    Focusing Elements of the Eye

    2.    Some Other Elements of the Eye

    3.    The retina- The Light Detector of the Eye

   4.    How Little Light Can You See?

   5.    Diffraction Effects on the Eye

   6.    How Sharp Are Your Eyes?

   7.    Optical Illusions and Related Phenomena

   8.    Defective Vision and Its Correction

   9.    Color Vision and Chromatic Aberration

 10.   Instruments Used in Ophthalmology

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.Physics of Diagnostic X-Rays                                     5 hours

  1.    Production of X-Ray Beams

  2.   How X-Rays Are Absorbed

  3.   Making an X-Ray Image

  4.   Radiation to Patients From X-Rays

  5.   Producing  Live X-Ray Images – Fluoroscopy

  6.   X-Ray Slices of the Body

  7.   Radiographs Taken Without Film

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.Physics of Nuclear Medicine (Radioisotopes in Medicine)

              hours 4

 1.    Review of Basic Characteristics and Units of Radioactivity

  2.    Sources of Radioactivity for Nuclear Medicine

  3.    Statistical Aspects of Nuclear Medicine

  4.    Basic Instrumentation and Its Clinical Applications

  5.    Nuclear Medicine Imaging Devices

  6.    Physical Principles of Nuclear Medicine Imaging Procedures               

 

    7.    Therapy With Radioactivity

    8.    Radiation Doses in Nuclear Medicine  

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.Physics of  Radiation Therapy                                   3 hours

  1.  The Dose Units Used in Radiotherapy- the Rad and the Gray

  2.     Principles of Radiation Therapy

  3.   A Short Course in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

  4.     Megavoltage Therapy

  5.    Short Distance Radiotherapy or Brach therapy

  6.     Other Radiation Sources

  7.     Closing Thought on Radiotherapy

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.Radiation Protection in Medicine                              3 hours

  1.     Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

  2.     Radiation Protection Units and Limits  

  3.     Radiation Protection  Instrumentation

  4.     Radiation Protection  in Diagnostic Radiology

  5.     Radiation Protection  in Radiation Therapy

  6.     Radiation Protection  in Nuclear Medicine

  7.     Radiation Accidents

 

  

 

  

Papers published during last 3 years ago(2005-2008):

 

 

Journal	TITLE	NAME	DATE	COUNTRY
Asia-pacific J. of nutrition	Mother milk and H2O2	Prof DR. Ali H.M . ALHashimi Dr.Ebtihal Ali Dr athraa M Salman	2006	Australia
Basrah medical journal	Effect of zinc on rheumatoid arthritis	Dr.Nabeel Al aidani Prof. Dr  Ali H.M ALHashimi Hadeel salman	2007	Iraq
Basrah medical journal	Effect of vitex-agenus-castus Extract on some physiological parameters in mice	Assist. Lecturer Musatafa A. Almajeed	2007	Iraq
Basrah research journal	Haematological and biochemical effect of KMnO4 on female mice	Assist. Lecturer Musatafa A. Almajeed Assist. Lecturer Faris shakir	2008	Iraq
WHO medical journal	Study of aerobic granulocytes functional activity in presence of a radiosensitizer (metroindazole)	Dr.Ebtehal Ali (Asst prof) Dr.Ali Al-Hashimi (prof.)	2008	----