CURRICULUM of Pathology department

 

Syllabus of Pathology

 

 

Reference Books

1- Robins Basic Pathology 8^th Edition 2007

2- Muir's Text Book of Pathology 13^th Edition 1994

 

Subject                                                                          Number of lectures

 

Introduction                                                                           1

 

General Pathology

       

Cell injury, cell death and Adaptatations                            3

- Overview of cellular response to stress and noxious stimuli

- Cellular Adaptations to stress.

      -Hypertrophy

      -Hyperplasia

      -Atrophy

    -Metaplasia  

- Causes of cell injury

- The morphology of cell and tissue injury

     -Reversible injury

     -Necrosis

     -Patterns of tissue necrosis

     -Subcellular responses to injury

-Mechanisms of cell injury

-Examples of irreversible cell injury and necrosis

     -Coagulative necrosis

     -Caseous necrosis

     -Liqufactive necrosis

     -Fatty necrosis

     -Fibrinoid necrosis

     -Gangrenous necrosis

- Apoptosis

- Intracellular accumulations

    -Fatty change

    -Pigmentation (Exogenous and endogenous)

   -Pathological calcification

   -Cellular Aging

 

 

 Acute And Chronic Inflammation                                    5

- Overview of Inflammation

- Definition

- Causes

-Types:

-Acute Inflammation

    -Vascular changes

     -change in vascular Blood Flow and caliber

     -Increased vascular permeability

     - Leukocytes cellular Events

     -Leukocyte Recruitment

     -Margination and Rolling 

     -Adhesion and Transmigrans

     -Chemotaxis

     -Leukocytes Activation

     -Phagocytosis

     -Killing and Degradation of microbes

 -Outcomes of Acute Inflammation

 -Morphological patterns of acute Inflammation

     -Serous Inflammation

     -Fibrinous Inflammation

     -Suppurative (purulent) Inflammation

     -Catarrhal inflammation

     -Ulceration

     -Gangrenous Inflammation

     -Pseudomembranous Inflammation

 -Chemical Mediators

      -Cell – derived mediators

      -Plasma protein – derived mediators

 -Chronic Inflammation

     -Chronic inflammatory cells and mediators

     -Granulomatous inflammation

     -Morphological pattern of chronic inflammation

 -Systemic effects of Inflammation 

 

Tissue Repair: Regeneration, Healing and Fibrosis         2

Regeneration

-The control of cell proliferation

    -The cell cycle

    -Proliferative capacities of tissues

    -Growth Factors

- Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Cell-Matrix Interactions

    -Roles of extracellular matrix.

    -Components of extracellular Matrix

Repair by connective tissue

    -Angiogenesis

    -Migration of fibroblasts and ECM deposition (Scar formation)

    -ECM and Tissue Remodeling

-Cutaneous wound healing

    -Healing by First Intention

    -Healing by Second  Intention

    -Wound Strength

-Pathologic Aspects of Repair

- Factors Affecting Wound Healing

     -Local Factors

     -Systemic Factors

 

Microbial Infections:                                                         6

 

 - Introduction to microbial infections

 - Non specific defense mechanisms

 - Categories of infectious agents

 - Routes of infections

 - How microorganism can cause disease.

 - Viral infections   

      -Introduction

      -Transient viral infection

      -Latent viral infection

      -Slow viral infection

      -Mechanisms of viral injury at cellular level.

- Bacterial infections

    -Acute bacterial infections general types

    -Common pyogenic bacteria

    -Gangrene definition and types

 

    -Chronic bacterial  infections

        - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

        -Leprosy

        -Syphilis

        -Fungal infections

 

Immunopathology                                                               5

 -Introduction

 -Hypersensitivity reaction (HSR):

                      -Type I HSR

                      -Type II HSR

                      -Type III HSR

                      -Type IV HSR

               -Auto immune disease

               -Immunodeficiency diseases

              -Primary Immunodeficiency

              -Secondary immunodeficiency

          -Amyloidosis

 

 

 Circulatory Disturbance                                 5                                                          

- Introduction

- Edema and types

- Hyperemia and congestion

- Haemorrhage

-Shock

   • Cardiogenic shock

   • Hypovolemic shock

   • Septic shock

- Irreversible shock

- Hypoxia

-Ischemia

-Infarction

-Review of normal homeostasis

-Thrombosis

 • Causes

 • Fate of thrombi

- Embolism

 • pulmonary thromboembolism

 • systemic thromboembolism

          • Types of emboli

                 Medical Genetics(5)

 

-Mutation

-Classification of genetic diseases

Single gene diseases (Mendelian Disorders)-

-Multifactorial disorders

-Cytogenetic diseases

-Single gene disorders with abnormal inheritance

-Congenital anomalies

-Indications of Genetic investigations

 

    Neoplasia(8)

 

-Definition

-Nomenclature

-Hamartoma

-Teratoma

-Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms.

-Atypia & Dysplasia

-Tumor grade and stage

-Invasion & metastasis

-Mechanism of invasion & metastasis

-Tumor Angiogenesis.

-Kinetic of  tumor cell growth

-Tumor immunity – Tumor antigens – anti-tumor effecter mechanisms.

-Tumor & Immunosurveilance.

-Carcinogenesis.

-Molecular basis of cancer.

  Environmental and Nutritional Diseases(3)

 

- Environmental pollution

- Effects of Tobacco

- Effect of alcohol

- Injury by chemical agents and drugs

- Injury by physical agents

- Nutritional diseases

 

 

Systemic Pathology

 

Cardiovascular system                                        8

-Atherosclerosis

-Hypertensive vascular disease

-Aneurysms

-Vascualitis

-Tumors

-Ischemic Heart Diseases

-Valvular heart diseases

-Myocardial diseases

-Pericardial diseases

-Congenital heart diseases

 

         Respiratory system(6)

 

-Nose, Nasal sinuses & nasopharynx – inflammatory conditions& tumors.

-Larynx.

-Bronchial asthma.

-Chronic bronchitis.

-Bronchiectasis

-Pneumonia

-Emphysema

-Pulmonary hypertension.

-Pneumoconiosis.

-Bronchial carcinoid.

-Bronchial carcinoma.

-Pleura.

      The Hematopoietic system(6)

  

- Red cell Disorders

  - Anemia of blood toss: Hemorrhage

   - Hemolytic Anemia

      -Hereditary spherocytosis

      - Sickle cell anemia

      - Thalassemia

      -G6PD deficiency

      -Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

      -Immunohemolytic anemia

      -Hemolytic anemia from mechanical trauma to   

        RBC.

     -Malaria

     -Anemia of diminished Erythopoiesis

     - Polycythemia

-White cell Disorders

  - Non-neoplastic disorders of white cells 

  - Neoplastic proliferation of white cells

    - Leukaemias

    - Myeloproliferative disorders

- Plasma cell disorders

  - Multiple meyloma

 

 Lymphoreticular system(4)

-Reactive lymphadenopathy

    - Acute non-specific lymphadenitis

    - Chronic non-specific lymphadenitis

    - Granulomatous lymphadenitis

    - Miscellaneous non- neoplastic diseases

 

-Neoplastic lymphadenopathy

    -Hodgkin's lymphoma

    - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 

      - low-grade B-cell lymphoma

      - low-grade T- cell lymphoma

      -high- grade B- cell lymphoma

      -high – grade T- cell lymphoma

    - Metastatic lymphadenopathy

- Disorders of spleen

   -Hypersplenism

   -Splenomegaly

 

-Disorders of the Thymus

   - Thymic Hyperplasia

   - Thymoma

   Oral cavity and the Gastrointestinal Tract(7)

 

Oral cavity

 -Ulcerative and inflammatory lesions

 -Apthous ulcer

 -Herpes virus infection

 -Oral candidiasis 

 -Aids and Kaposi sarcoma

Esophagus

- Anatomic and motor disorders

-Achalasia

- Hiatal hernia

- Varices

- Esophagitis (causes and types

- Barrett's esophagus

- Esophageal carcinoma.

Stomach

-Gastritis

 -Acute gastritis

 - Chronic gastritis

-Gastric ulceration

 - peptic ulcers

 - Acute gastric ulceration

 

-Gastric tumors

 - Gastric polyps

- Gastric Carcinoma

 - Etiology and pathogenesis

Small and large intestine

- Inflammatory bowel disease

    -Crohn's disease

    -Ulcerative colitis

- Tumors of small and large intestines

  -Non- neoplastic polyps

  -Adenomas

  -Familial polyposis syndromes

  -Colorectal carcinoma

  -Neoplasms of small intestine

  -Other tumours of gastro-intestinal tract , Gastro-

    intestinal lymphoma and Carcinoid

 

Appendix 

-Appendicitis

-Appendicular tumours

Liver,Gall bladder and pancreas                                    5

Liver

Microarchiture of liver

Liver cell degeneration

Hepatitis

Viral

 Alcoholic

Liver cirrhosis

Tumors

 

Gall bladder

Cholilethiiaasis stone

Bile pigment

Mixed stone

Acute chaleaystitis

Chronic chalecystitis

Tumours

 

Pancreas

Acute pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis

tumors

Urinary Tract System:                                               7

 

Clinical Manifestations of Renal Diseases

Glomerular Diseases

 -Pathogens of Glomerular Diseases

    Nephritis Caused by Circulating Immune complexes

    Nephritis caused by in situ immune complexes cell-mediated immune              glomerulonephritis

    Mediators of immune injury

    Other mechanisms of glomerular injury

-The nephritic syndrome

   Minimal – change disease (lipoid nephrosis)

   Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis

   Membranous nephropathy (Membranous glomerulonephritis) 

   Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

-The nephritic syndrome

  Acute post infections (post streptococcal)

     glomerulonephritis

  lgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

  Hereditary nephritis

  Rapidly progressive ( Crescentic)   

   glomerulonephritis

  Chronic glomerulonephritis

Diseases affecting tubules and interstitium

   Tubulointerstitial nephritis

   Acute pyelonephritis

   Chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy 

    Acute tubular necrosis

Diseases involving blood vessels

Benign nephrosclerosis

Malignant hypertension and malignant nephrosclerosis

Thrombotic microangiopathies

 

Cystic diseases of the kidney

 Simple cysts

 Autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney   

   Diseases

Autosomal recessive (childhood) polycystic kidney

   diseases

 Medulllary cystic diseases

 

Urinary outflow obstruction

Renal stones

Hydronephrosis

 

Tumors

Renal cell carcinoma

Wilm's tumor

Tumors of the urinary bladder and collecting system (renal calyces, renal pelvis , ureter . and urethra)

  

 

The female genital system                                        5

Vulva

- Vulvitis

-Contact dermatitis

-Non-neoplastic epithelial disorders.

-Lichen sclerosus

-Lichen simplex  

- Tumours

-Condylomas and low grade vulvar intraepithelial Neoplasia.

-High grade vulvar intraepithelial Neoplasia and carcinoma of vulva.

 

Vagina

- Vaginitis

-Vaginal intra- epithelial Neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma

-Sarcoma Botryoirdes

 

Cervix

- Cervicitis

-Tumours of the cervix

-Cervical intraepithelial Neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma.

-Cervical intraepithelial Neoplasia, invasive carcinoma of the cervix.

-Endocervical polyp.

 

Body of uterus

- Endometritis

- Adenomyosis

- Endometriosis

- Endometrial hyperplasia

- Tumours of Endometrium and myometrium

 - Endometrial polyp

- Leiomyoma

-Endometrial carcinoma

 

Ovaries

- Non- neoplastic cysts

    -Follicular and luteal cyst

    -Polycystic ovaries

    -Chocolate cyst.

- Tumor of the ovary

1. Surface epithelial stromal tumours

   Serous tumours

   Mucinous tumours

   Endometriod tumours

   Brenner tumours

2. Germ cell tumours

  a. Teratomas

Benign  (mature) cystic Teratoma      

      Immature malignant Teratomas.

      Specialized Teratoma

  b. Dysgerminoma

  c. Choriocarcinoma

  d. Yolk sac tumour.

3. Sex cord stromal tumours

    Granulosa cell tumour

    Thecoma- fibroma

    Sertoli- Leydig

 4. Metastatic

     Krukenburge's tumour.

     Diseases of pregnancy

     Ectopic pregnancy

     Gestational Trophoblastic disease

     Hydatidiform mole, complete and partial

     Invasive Mole

     Choriocarcinoma

 

Breast:                                                               2                             

- Normal breast

- Benign breast lesions:

   -Infections

     a-Acute pyogenic infections

     b-Tuberculosis

 -Non infective inflammatory lesions

    - Mammary ductectasia

    - Granulomatous mastitis

    - Traumatic fat necrosis

    - Reaction to foreign body

    - Galactocele

- Fibrocystic disease of the breast

-Benign tumors of the breast:

-Fibroadenoma

-Adenoma

-Papilloma

-Breast carcinoma

  -Risk factors

  -Classification

  -In situ carcinoma : ductal, lobular

  -Invasive carcinoma

  -Ductal (classical & subtypes)

  -Tubular

 -Prognosis of breast carcinoma

 -Miscellaneous tumors of the breast : Phyllodes, lymphoma 

 -Tumors of male breast

 

Male Reproductive System                                  2

 

       -Testicular Neoplasms

        -Germ cell tumor

          - Seminoma  - Variants

           - Non seminomatous

           -Teratomas

           -Embryonal carcinoma

           -Yolk sac tumor

           -Choriocarcinoma

           - Mixed germ cell tumor

- Sex cord stromal tumor

   - Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

-Mixed testicular tumor

- Testicular lymphoma

 -Prostate

   -Prostatic Hyperplasia

   -Prostatic carcinoma

 

Bones, Joints, and skeletal muscles                           3

-Diseases of bone

-Infections of bone

-Pyogenic osteomyelitis

-Tuberculous osteomyelitis

- Vitamin D deficiency rickets and osteomalacia

- Paget's disease of bone

- Bone tumors

-Bone forming tumors: osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteogenic sarcoma.

- Cartilage forming tumors:

     -Osteochondroma

     -Chondroblastoma

- Miscellaneous tumors

     -Ewing sarcoma

     -Giant cell tumor

- Metastatic tumours of bone

 

The Endocrine System                                   4

Pitutary

Hyperpitutarism and Pituitary Adenomas

 

Prolactinomas

Growth Hormone – producing Adenomas

Corticotroph Cell Adenomas

Other Anterior Pitutary Neoplasms

Hypopituitarism

Posterior Pituitary Syndromes

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Thyroiditis

Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain)

Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

Other forms of Thyroiditis

 

Graves Diseases

Diffuse and Multinodular Goiter

Neoplasms of the Thyroid

Adenomas

Carcinomas

   Papillary Carcinoma

   Follicular Carcinoma

       Medullary Carcinoma

   Anaplastic Carcinoma

 

Parathyroid Glands

Hyperparathyroidism

Primary Hyperparathroidism

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

 

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction (hyperaderenalism)

Hypercortisolism (cushing Syndrome)

Hyperaldosteroism

Adenogenital Syndromes

Adrenal Insufficiency

Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Chronic Aderenocortical Insufficiiency (Addision Disease)

Adrenocortical Neoplasms

 

Adrenal Medulla

Pheochomocytoma

Neuroblastoma and other Neuronal Neoplasma

 

 

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

      

   Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 

 

Central and peripheral nervous system                       4

 

-Cerebral edema and hydrocephalus

-Vascular diseases.

-Central nervous system trauma

-Infections of the nervous system

-Neoplasms of the central nervous system

-Diseases of peripheral nervous system

 

                                      

             

   Third year  

 

                 Reference Books:

1-Robbin's Basic Pathology

 

       2-Muir's Text Book of Pathology

 

Subject                                                    No. of lectures

 

General Pathology

 

1-Introduction                                                 1 hour

2-Cell damage                                                3 hours

3-Inflammation,Healing and Repair                 7 hours

4-Infection                                                      6 hours

5-Imunopatholgy                                            5 hours

6-Disturbances of blood flow and body fluid     5 hours

7-Neoplasia                                                    8 hours

8-Genetics                                                      5 hours

9- Environmental and nutritional diseases        3 hours

 

Systemic Pathology

 

10-Cardiovascular System                                8 hours

11-Respiratory system                                     6 hours

12-The blood and bone marrow                        6 hours

13- Lympho reticular system                            4 hours

14-Alimantery system                                      7 hours

15-Liver, biliary tract and pancreas                  5 hours

16-Urinary tract system                                   7 hours

17-Male genital system                                    2 hours

18-Female genital system                                5 hours

19-The breast                                                  2 hours

20-Endocrine and paracrine system                  4 hours

21-Bone, joints and skeletal muscles                3 hours

22-Central and peripheral nervous system       4  hours

 

Total number of lectures 106 hours.

 

     

               Practical part (2 hours per week) the main objectives of practical classes is to support the theory and to help the student to comprehend the basic principles in:

 

a- How to take specimens for Histopathological examination. The ways of

 preservation and fixation and the main histopathological techniques.

 

b- How to use the microscopes.

 

c- Examination of available of pathological specimen.

 

d- Examination of standard slides to demonstrate the microscopic changes in the diseased tissue or organ.

 

 Tutorials (one hour per week) to give the student the opportunity to ask further information and to give the opportunity to the teachers to assess the standard of their methods of teaching 

 

  

Third Year 

 

A-Theory (30 hours):

1 lecture (hour) per week.

Reference books:

 

1- Forensic Pathology

2- Forensic Medicine

 

1- Introduction……………………………………….. 1 hour

2- Medico – legal cases in living and dead……………1 hour

3- Diagnosis of death and postmortem changes………4 hours

4- Examination of wounds…………………………….3 hours

5- Effects of injury (causes of death)…………………2 hours

6- Regional injuries…………………………………...3 hours

7- Firearm and explosive in injuries…………………..2 hours

8- The manner of death………………………………..1 hour

 

                                                                                                                

 

B- Practical part : 60 hours  (2 hours per week)

1- postmortem examination and autopsy.

2- autopsy reports.

3- slide projection of interesting cases.

 

 

 

Fourth Year

 

A-Theory (30 hours): 1 lecture (hour) per week.

Reference books:

1- Forensic Pathology

2- Forensic Medicine

 

  1- Introduction……………………………………….. 1 hour

  2- Medico – legal cases in living and dead……………1 hour

  3- Diagnosis of death and postmortem changes………4 hours

  4- Examination of wounds…………………………….3 hours

  5- Effects of injury (causes of death)…………………2 hours

  6- Regional injuries…………………………………...3 hours

  7- Firearm and explosive in injuries…………………..2 hours

  8- The manner of death………………………………..1 hour

 

                                                                                                             B- Practical part : 60 hours  (2 hours per week)

     1- postmortem examination and autopsy.

     2- autopsy reports.

     3- slide projection of interesting cases.