Department of Anatomy

Forward

 

 

The Department had been estadlished in 1967. The Department teaches first and second year medical students, the following subjects;

 

 1. Anatomy

2. Histology.

3.Embryology.

4. Medical Biology. 

 

The teaching includes theoretical and practical aspects of each subject.

The department was headed by:-

 

 Members of the department of anatomy and their interests

 

Administration committee:

 Khalida K. Jbara               FRCS       Assist . Prof of Histology.  Head of department

Saleh Meihdi Ali               Msc          Assis Lecture of anatomy  First deputy .

Nawal. M. Abdulla            Msc          Assis prof of anatomy        Second deputy.

 

 

   

 

 

 

The vision of the Department

 

  The vision of Anatomy Department is to provide a knowledgeable academic staff of well-trained physicians, histologists and biologists, capable of teaching medical college undergraduate students and researchers in the field of anatomy, histology, embryology and biology. Also, to provide appropriate instruments and teaching materials for that purpose based on the best available technologies and expertise.

 

The mission

 

The mission of the department is concerned with the teaching and training basic knowledge in the subjects of Anatomy, histology, embryology and cell biology to the first and second year undergraduate medical college and related college students. It also has the capacity of conducting research program for post graduate students in the field of anatomy and histology. Ultimately;  graduated students will be qualified in basic scientific medical knowledge to enter specialized different medical fields such as surgery, medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology. 

  

 

Objectives :

 

          Study of anatomy and related subjects is concerned primary with structure, ranging from molecular to the macroscopic and includes consideration to the formation and function of different parts of human body in which anatomical knowledge influences medical practice.

 

Medical biology for first year students:

 

          Exploring the general concept of cellular biology and genetic and describing morphological and functional characteristic of the four basic body tissue by light microscope.

 

Anatomy for first year medical students:

 

          Understanding the terms used in describing the structures and function of different regions of gross anatomy and the basic anatomical structures the human body is composed of. Also systemic study of clinical anatomy for each region of the upper limb, lower limb and chest is required.

 

Anatomy for second year medical students:

   Study the clinical anatomy of head and neck, abdomen, pelvis and brain                      (Neuroanatomy).

 

Histology for second year medical students:

 

          Study the structures of normal tissues that compose of different organs of human body and its appearance under light and electron microscope. Also include systematic study of all system of human body.

 

Medical embryology for second year students:

          Teaching medical embryology by giving the students all steps of embryonic development from the first day of pregnancy until birth in order to help them understand the anatomy and anomalies in case they do happen.

 

 Practicle training objectives :

 

      Anatomy of first and second year:

 

          Practicle anatomy enable medical students to have more knowledge about human body and study full details , from the surface to deeper structures it include skin , fascia, muscles, vessels ,bones ,different systems and various body organs, with emphysizing on the applied anatomy &relating these studies with clinical conditions .

- Practicles aim to simplify the information by using :these tools .

  1- Slides of  different systems by using slide projector .

  2- CDs by using data show .

  3- Plastinated models.

  4- Plastic models.

  5- Preserved parts of human  body (organs… , in formalin) 

 

Medical biology of first year :

 

           Practicle medical biology enable medical students to have more about structural and functional knowledge of the cell . Basic and modern slides on cellular genetic . Also scientific slides on human basic histology , and demonestrated models for cell .

 

Medical Histology of second year:

 

   Practical Histology provides the second year medical college students with scientific knowledge about every single cell tissue & organs of human body (structure &function) of

normal tissue .

Thes information is given To the student by:

  1- Examination of glass slides with tissue with light microscope study.

  2- Using video –system teaching network.

  3- Using overhead and slide projector to show the teaching histological slides.    

 

 

Setting of the department :

 

Department of anatomy , histology and embryology is located in first floor of  the Bsrah medical college building.  

It contain following units :-

  1)chairman’s  room and staff rooms.

  2) Secretarial rooms.

  3) Anatomy Lab

      It content :  

      Skeleton

        -All bones of human body

        -Plastenated parts of upper limb , lower limb, chest

        -Abdomen ,Pelvis ,neck, Brain .

        -Plastic models for parts of human body.

 4)Histology and Biology lab.

   Its content:   

     1- Light microscope.

     2- Teaching glass slides of Basic & systemic histology.

     3-Slide for basic body tissues &cellular organells.

     4- Models (plastic&glasses ) to study the cell structure.

     5- TV. Net for demonstration of body tissues.

     6- Side projectors of body tissues.

     7- Electron microscope unit.

      

Training programs

 

1) Under graduate Training program:-

The undergraduate training program is spread over 2 years includes formal lectures and practicle training in the Lab.

 

Details of the program are:-

 

First Year

Lectures: A total of    95     lectures are given to cover the following subjects.

1- Anatomy                 40    Hrs.

 

Lectures of first year

 

Topics

INTRODUCTION

Importance of anatomy

Terminology, terms of position ,terms of movement

Body cavities regions Basic anatomical structures

Fascia &skin appendages

Muscles ,tendons & ligaments

Joints ,bones and cartilages

Outline of preservation of human cadavers (embalming & plastination )

UPPER LIMBS

PECTORAL REGION & AXILL

*Surface anatomy, Cutaneous Nerves&Vessels. *Deep fascia * Axilla (boundaries and contents) *Muscles that attached the scapula to the trunk(anterior& posterior groups ) . *Axillary artery,vein &lymph nodes. *Brachial plexus.

SHOULDER JOINT

*Scapulohumeral muscles *Sternoclavicular &acromioclavicular joints

THE ARM

*Anterior fascial compartment (muscles and contents) *posterior fascial compartment. ( muscles and contents )

THE ELBOW

*Cubital fossa (boundaries & contents ). *Elbow joint, proximal &distal radioulnar joint

 

 

FORE ARM

*Anterior fascial compartment (superficial group ,deep group, flexor muscles, Arteries& Nerves, veins). *posterior fascial compartment *peripheral nerves injury.

THE WRIST

*Flexor retinaculum, flexor synovial sheath ,extensor retinaculum ,extensor synovial sheath ,anatomical snuff box ,wrist joint.

THE HAND

*The palm ,muscles, thenar and hypothenar ,small muscles ). *Arteries, Nerves, dorsum of the hand *Joints of the hand ,carpal bones.

LOWER LIMBS

GLUTEAL REGION

*Skin ,fascia, muscles ,vessels&nerves. *lateral rotator of the thigh at hip joint. *Trochantric anastomosis. *Hip joint.

THE THIGH

*The back of the thigh (hamstring compartment ,skin, muscles, Arteries, Nerves, Veins) *The front of the thigh (muscles &contents). *Femoral hernia                                *femoral sheath. *femoral triangle. *Adductor compartment. *Adductor canal

THE  KNEE

*popliteal fossa (boundaries& contents )  * Knee joint (articulations, capsule, ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane ,bursa ,nerve supply and movements).  *proximal and distal  tibiofibular joint

THE LEGS

*Anterior, posterior.,&lateral  compartment *Venous drainage of foot &leg with special reference to perforating venous (calf pump )and varicosity of veins . *peripheral nerves injury .

THE ANKLE

*Anterior ,Dorsal ,flexor retinaculum ,peroneal retinaculum *Ankle joint

THE FOOT

*Dorsum &sole of the foot . *Fascial layers of foot . *Artries&veins. *Joints.

THORAX

* Surface anatomy . * The ribs * He doteroosral space * The mediastinum. * Pericardium. * The heart. * The lung . * Pleura. * Lymphatic. * The diaphragm

 

 

  2- Medical Biology        55  Hrs.

 

 Lectures of Medical biology

 

   A- Molecular Cell biology

 

1- Introduction to cell biology, Types of cell, cell theories.

 

 2- Living status of the cell, living properties of the   protoplasm, and General structure of a cell.    

                     

3- Chemistry of the cell (inorganic & organic molecules).

 

4- The organic materials of the cell

     Proteins, Lipid, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic acids.

 

5- Molecular organization of plasma membrane & functions.

 

6- Modification of the plasma membrane.

 

7- Molecules crossing the plasma membrane.

 

8- Structure and functions of cytoplasmic organelles (ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisomes, centrioles, cilia and flagella).

 

9- Cytoplasm (cytoskeleton, cytosol and cytoplasmic inclusions).

 

10- Structure and functions of the nucleus (nucleolus, nuclear membrane, chromatin and nucleoplasm).

 

11- Cell cycle and cell division.

 

12- Gametogenesios

 

13- Cellular energy.

 

14- Cellular activity

 

15- Cellular differentiation.

 

16- Cellular specialization.

 

17- Cellular aging.

 

B- Molecular genetics

 

1- Genetic terminology.

 

2- Mendel's 1st law and 2nd law.

 

3- Mode of Mendelian inheritance.

 

4- Deviation from Mendelian laws.

 

5- Linkage and sex-linked inheritance

 

6- Molecular basis of crossing over

 

7- Human chromosomes

 

8- Numerical aberrations

 

9- Structural aberrations

 

10- DNA structure and replication

 

11- RNA structure and translocation

 

12- Protein synthesis and gene regulation

 

13- Mutation and its molecular basis

 

14- Genetic control of metabolism and Gene expression

 

15- Genetic engineering and biotechnology

 

16- Recombinant DNA technology

 

17- Gene cloning

 

18- Medical application of genetic engineering

 

 C- Basic histology

 

1- Introduction

 

2- Epithelial tissue

 

3- Classification of epithelial tissue

 

4- Glandular epithelium

 

5- Cell junctions

 

6- Connective tissue

 

7- Classification of connective tissue

 

8- Blood tissue

 

9- Cartilage

 

10- Bone tissue

 

11- Development and growth of bone

 

12- Muscle tissue

 

13- Regeneration of muscle tissue

 

14- Nervous tissue

 

15- Synapses

 

     

 Practicle Training

 

The practicle training hours are Hrs. for each subject. During which students are divided into groups that attend the Lab 5 days a week for    30   weeks.

 

Second year

 

 Lectures: A total of  137       lectures are given to cover the following subjects.

1- Anatomy             60        Hrs.

 

Lectures of Human Anatomy / second year

----------------------------------------------------------  

 Neuroanatomy:

 

* introduction

   Nervous tissue , CNS,PNS, ANS

   Neuroglioal cells - terms related

* meninges

  - dural folds

* cranial venous sinuses

 

* divisions of brain

 

* cerebral hemispheres

 

 - external and internal structures

 - basal ganglia

 - ventricles of the brain

* brainstem

 

* midbrain

 

* diencephalons

 

* bones

 

* medulla oblongata

 

* cerebellum

 

* blood supply of the brain

 

* cerebrospinal fluid.

 

* spinal cord

 

 - external and internal features.

* tractology

* pyramidal and extrapyramidal system

* cranial nerves.

 

Head & Neck:

 

* skull , osteology

- views of the skull

* meninges

 

* blood supply , cranial venous sinuses

 

* temporal fossa

 

* infratemporal fossa

 

* orbital region

 

- bones, muscles , blood vessels and associated structures

 

* scalp ,

- muscles, vessels, nerves and associated structures.

 

* neck

- surface anatomy

- superfacial fascia

 

* triangles of the neck

 

* posterior triangle

- muscles, vessels nerves and associated structures.

 

* anterior triangle

- muscles, vesses nerves and associated structures .

 

* main veins ,arteries and nerves of the neck

 

* cervical plexuses.

 

* face

   - muscles , nerves ,vessels and associated structures

 

* parotid gland

 

* muscles of m, atication

 

* submandibular region

 

* oral cavity

 

* nasal cavity

 

* paranasal sinuses

 

* larynx

   - muscles , associated structures.

 

* ear  , and related structures

Abdomen :

* abdominal wall

 

* anterior abdominal wall

   - muscles and associated structures

 

* posterior abdominal wall

   - muscles and associated structures

 

* inguinal canal

 

* inguinal hernia

 

* spermatic cord

 

* arrangement of abdominal viscera

 

* peritoneum

 

* gastrointestinal tract

 

* esophagus

 

* stomach

 

* small intestine

 

* large intestine

 

* blood vessels , nerves , lymphatics  and associated structures

 

* liver and biliary  system

 

* spleen

 

* pancreas

 

* retroperitoneal structures

 

* kidney

 

* suprarenal gland

 

* lumbar plexuses

 

Pelvis:

 

* contents of pelvic diaphragm

 

* pelvic viscera in male

 

* pelvic viscera in female

 

* visceral pelvic fascia

 

* perineum

 

* pelvic diaphragm

 

*contents of anal triangle

 

* anal canal

 

* Ischiorectal fossa

 

* Urogenital diaphragm

 

* Contents of male genital triangle

 

* Contents of urogenital diaphragm in male and female

 

  

2- Histology              47     Hrs.

 

Lectures of medical histology for second year students .

 

1.   Vascular system .                         Assis. Prof. Khalida K. Jbara  

         

-  Introduction.

-  Blood vascular system .

 -  Capillaries .

  - Type of capillaries ( continuous and fenestrated ) .

  - Arteries . (Arteriole , small arteries , medium sized arteries  ,Large elastic arteries)  .

  - Age changes in arteries . ( Atherosclerosis ) .

   -Veins . ( Venule , small vein  ,  medium sized vein , large vein ) .

-   Vasa vasorum .

   - Arterio-venous anastomoses . ( Direct and indirect (Hoyer or Shunt ).

  - The heart . Chambers , Layers ( Endocardium , Myocardium and Epicardium ) .

  -  Lymph vascular system . Lymph , Lymph capillaries and Lymph vessel

 

2.    The skin and its appendages .               Lect   . Wafaa  Sabry           

-         Thick skin .

-         Thin skin .

-        Epidermis

-      Dermis .

-      Hair Follicle .

-      Nail.

-      Glands of skin ( Sweat gland, Sebaceous gland )

-      Sensory nerve endings ( Pacinian and Meissners  corpuscles  ) .

 

 3.Lymphatic system .                                   Lec.  Wafaa   Sabry        

-         Lymphatic organs 

-         Lymph node .

-         Pharyngeal tonsil .   

-         Palatine tonsils .

-         Spleen .

-         Thymus .

 

3.    Heamopoiesis .                            Lec.  Wafaa  Sabry  

           

4.    Digestive system .                       Assis . Prof . Khalida  

                

-         Introduction .

-      General function.

-      Oral cavity :- Lip , Tongue , cheeck , Teeth , Gum , Hard palate , soft  palate .

-      The salivary glands .

-      Esophagus .

-      Stomach . ( Cardiac ,  Fundic, Pyloric ,) .

-       Small intestine ( Duodenum , Jejunum ,Ileum )

-      Peyers  patches .

-      Large intestine . ( Ceacum ,colon , rectum , Anal canal ).

-      Appendix .

-     Assosiated glands  ( Liver , Pancreas,  Gall bladder ) .   Lec . Wafaa  Sabry                           

 

5.    Nervous  system .                     Lec . Dr. Eman  Ali   

                     

-   Introduction .

-    Types of neuron .

-     Classification.

-     Peripheral nervous system . ( Nerves and ganglia ) .

-    Cranio – spinal  ganglia ,

-   Autonomic ganglia .

-     Central nervous system .

-    Spinal cord .

Cerebrum .

-     Cerebellum .

-     Meninges .

-     Dura matter .

-     Blood brain barrier .

-   Choroids  plexus . 

 

Respiratory system .                                    Lec. Wafaa  Sabry 

       

-         Respiratory epithelium .

-         The cell types  of respiratory epithelium .

-         Nasal cavity .

-         Vestibule .

-         Nasal fossae.

-         Para nasal  sinuses .

-         The larynx .

-         The trachea .

-         The lungs .

-         Bronchial tubes .

-         Bronchioles .

-         Alveolar duct .

-         Alveoli .

-         Respiratory membrane .

 

The endocrine system .                               Assist . Proff . Khalida 

 

Introduction .

-      Definition of endocrine glands .

-      Types of endocrine glands .

-      Types of secretion .

-       Pituitary gland .

-       Thyroid gland .

-       Parathyroid gland .

-       Adrenal gland ( Supra renal ).

-       Pineal body .

( Introduction ,Structure , function ) .

 

  The urinary system .                                         Lec . Wafaa  Sabry 

          

-      Introduction .

-      The kidneys .

-      Structure .

-  The excretory  passages  of the kidney . ( The nephron ).

-  Ureter .

-  urinary bladder .

-  Male urethra .

-  Female urethra .

 

 Female reproductive system .               Assist Proff . Khalida  

                  

-         Introduction .

-         The ovaries .

-         Types of the follicles .

-         Development of ovarian follicles .

-         Atretic follicle .

-         Corpus luteum of ovarian cycle .

-         Corpus luteum of pregnancy .

-         Corpus albicans .

-         Ovulation .

-          The uterine tube ( Fallopian tube ) .

-         The uterus .

-         The Menstrual cycle .

-         The cervix .

-         The Vagina .

    

 Mammary glands .                     Assist Proff. Khalida

 

- Introduction .

 -Areola and nipple .

 - Structure .

  - Duct system .    

- Inactive mammary glands .

 - Mammary gland during pregnancy .

-   Lactating mammary gland .

        

   Male Reproductive system .                           Assist Proff  Khalida             

-  Introduction .  

-   Parts of male reproductive system .

-  Testis .

 -  Seminiferous tubules .

                    -    Genital ducts (  Rete testis , Ductuli afferents ,  Ductus epididymis,

                        Ductus deferens  , Ejaculatory duct .

-   Accessory glands associated with male reproductive system.

-    Prostate gland .

-    Seminal vesicles .

-   The penis.

-    Semen .

 

  Special sense organs .                     Lec. Dr. Eman Ali    

 

The eyes .

-      Introduction .

-      Layers of the eye . ( Corneo – sclera, U vea layer ( Ciliary’s  portion & choroids ) , The retina .

-         Chambers of the eye .

-         Iris .

-         Lens .

-         Schlemm  canal .

-         Lacrimal gland .

The ear .

-      Introduction .

-         External ear ,  Middle ear , Inner ear .

-         Utricle & saccule .

-         Semicircular ducts .  And cochlea .

                              

3- Embryology            30    Hrs.

 

 Lectures  of embryology 2^nd year

 

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY:

1.Introduction –Gametogenesis

2.  Chromosomes during mitosis &meiosis

    Non disjunction

 

3.Morphological changes during gamete maturation .

   -prenatal oogenesis

   -postnatal oogenesis

 

4.Spermatogenesis  -Spermiognesis –Abnormal gamete – Ovulation

5.Fertilization    1^st week

   Phases  ,phase  1,2,3, cleavage

   Preparation of uterine endometerium to recive the blastocyst.

 

6. 2^nd week development

    Day 8 ,9 ,11-12 & 13 .

7. 3^rd week development

    Gastrulation  ,primitive streak ,notochord .

     Further development in trophoblast.

 

8.Differentiation of germ layers ,ectoderm

    Formation of neural tube and neural crest

    Formation of auditory & lens placodes .

 

9.Differentiation of mesoderm ,paraxial mesoderm and their derivatives  ,intermediate mesoderm & derivatives .

   Somites differentiation .

 

10.Endoderm

    Head fold  ,tail fold ,vitelline duct ,primitive gut .

 

11.Formation of deciduas ,fetal membrane & development of placenta .

     Amnion &chorion .

     Umblical cord .

     Function of placenta .

     Twins .

 

12 .Congenital malformation .

      Incidence & etiology

 

SYSTEMIC EMBRYOLOGY

 

13.Skeletal system

     Skull ,skull abnormalities

     Limbs ,limbs abnormalities

     Vertebral column ,vertebral column abnormalities .

 

14. Muscular system

     Smooth ,straiated ,&cardiac muscles .

15 .Body cavities & serous membranes .

 

16.Cardiovascular system

     Formation and position and heart tube .

     Formation heart loop

     Development of sinuse venosus .

     Formation cardiac septa

     Abnormalities of atrioventricular canal

     Abnormalities of interventricular septum .

 

17.Respiratory system

     -larynx

     -Trachea ,bronchi ,& lung

 

18.digestive System

      Forgut: -esophagous

                 -stomach

                 -Duodenum

                 -Liver ,gall bladder

                 -pancreas

  

     Mid gut & hind gut

     Physiological hernation

     Abnormalities in development of digestive system

 

19 .Urogenital system

      Urinary system

      Formation of excretory unit

       Kidney systems –pronephros

                             -Mesonephros

                             -Metanephros

      Abnormalities in development .

20 .Genital system

      Gonad , indifferent gonad

       Testis & ovary

       Genital duct

       External genitalia

       Abnormalities

 21. Head & neck

       Pharyngeal arches

       Pharyngeal pouches

       Tongue

       Thyroid gland

        Cleft lip & palate

22.Eye & ear

     Optic cup , lens vesicle

      Retina ,iris ,ciliary body &lens

      Internal ear ,middle &external ear .

     

23. Skin

     Epidermis & dermis

     Hair

     Mammary gland  .

 

4-The training hours are    90          Hrs. for each subject. During which students are divided into groups that attend the Lab 2 days a week for    30     weeks.

 

 

2) Post graduate training program

 

Master (MSC) in anatomy and histology. The study started in     under the supervision of Majeed M. Al-Hamdan (PhD in anatomy).

The study period was 2 years. Nine doctors graduate with MSC in anatomy and  histology.  

 

Examinations.

 

Details of under gradate examination are out lined below

 

 

 

 

Details of postgraduate examination

 

 Lectures for first course

 

1- Anatomy              4 units           

2- Histology              3 units

3-Embryology            3 units

4- Medical biology     2 units

5- Medical statistics   2 units

 

 Lectures for second course

 

1- Anatomy              3 units           

2- Histology              3 units

3-Embryology          3 units

4- Neurology            2 units

5-Histochemistry      2units

 

Thesis                       8 units

 

Research activties